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1.
Rev. chil. endocrinol. diabetes ; 11(1): 11-15, 2018. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-999022

ABSTRACT

AIM: To evaluate the diagnostic utility of ultrasonography and other antecedents and exams usually availables, in the study of patients with thyroid nodules aged 0-20 years. SUBJECTS AND METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional analytical observational study. We reviewed the data of patients undergoing FNAP (thyroid puncture with a fine needle) and / or thyroidectomy between January 2007 and December 2013. The ultrasound evaluation was performed by 3 specialists. The surgical biopsy was considered an indicator of benignity or malignancy and, in its absence the FNAP (excluding the Bethesda diagnoses 3 and 4). The association between cancer and the different variables was evaluated through binary logistic regression, with measure of association of odds ratio (OR). With the initially significant variables, a multivariate analysis was carried out and a cut-off score was subsequently defined to allow the diagnosis to be discriminated. RESULTS: 104 nodules are included in the analysis (100 patients), 89♀ / 11♂; age x16 ± 2.8; TSH 2.8 uIU / ml ± 5; lymphocytic thyroiditis 30%; pathological anatomy: benign 46 (44%) cancer 58 (56%). Sonographic findings predictive of malignancy were: hypoechogenicity (OR 2.95 p = 0.008) irregular shape (100% CA) non-smooth edges (OR 8.5 p = 0.000) microcalcifications (OR 39 p = 0.000) thick calcifications (OR 18 p = 0.001) and presence of suspicious adenopathy (100% CA). In the TIRADS classification, cases classified as 4 and 5 corresponded to cancer in 50 and 92%. The presence of thyroiditis did not show an insignificant association with malignancy. From the joint analysis of the significant variables, a score with adequate sensitivity and specificity is obtained. CONCLUSIONS: The usefulness of ultrasound as a fundamental examination in the evaluation of the pediatric patient who consults by thyroid nodule is corroborated. Accurately describing their sonographic characteristics and, above all, analyzing them together, allows us to determine an approximate risk of malignancy and define with greater certainty the indication of performing FNAP


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Young Adult , Ultrasonography/methods , Thyroid Nodule/diagnostic imaging , Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology , Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Odds Ratio , Chile , Cross-Sectional Studies , Multivariate Analysis , ROC Curve , Sensitivity and Specificity , Observational Study
2.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 88(6): 803-811, dic. 2017. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-900056

ABSTRACT

Resumen El cáncer en la población pediátrica representa la segunda causa de muerte en niños mayores de 5 años en nuestro país, después del trauma. La tomografia por emisión de positrones/tomograña computada (PET/CT) es una técnica hibrida que involucra radiación y que progresivamente se está implementando en niños. Esta técnica permite hacer evaluaciones morfológicas y funcionales del cuerpo con aplicaciones en patología neoplásica y no neoplásica. Su principal rol en la oncología se encuentra en la evaluación y control de linfomas, sarcomas y neuroblastomas, entre otros. La calidad de los resultados depende de la realización de procesos rigurosos para obtener las imágenes. En este artículo se revisan los pasos para la obtención de las imágenes, los aspectos técnicos involucrados, las fuentes de mala interpretación y las principales indicaciones que debe conocer el médico radiólogo y pediatra.


Abstract Pediatric cancer is the second cause of death in children older than 5 years in our country, after trauma. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is a hybrid technique that involves radiation, which has been used for some time in adults and is being progressively imple mented in children. This technique allows morphological and functional assessments of the body with applications in neoplastic and non-neoplastic pathology. Its main role in oncology is in the evaluation and control of lymphomas, sarcomas and neuroblastomas, among others. The quality of the results is determined by a number of rigorous processes to obtain the images. In this article we describe the steps in obtaining the images, the technicalities involved, sources of misinterpretation and what the main current indications that must be known by radiologists and pediatricians are.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography/methods , Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
3.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 85(6): 724-730, dic. 2014. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-734815

ABSTRACT

Intravascular catheters are widely used in Neonatal Intensive Care Units. The major types of intravascular access in the newborn are peripheral catheters, venous or arterial umbilical catheters, central venous catheters and peripherally-inserted central venous catheters (PICC). Anomalous positioning of catheters, especially umbilical catheters, is quite frequent as their installation is without imaging guidance. The radiographic assessment of the catheter performed by pediatricians and/or radiologists, who must be able to recognize those poorly positioned as they can cause serious complications, is essential. This article contains a sample of correct and misplaced catheter x-ray often used in a NICU.


Los catéteres intravasculares son ampliamente utilizados en las Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal. Dentro de los métodos de acceso intravascular en el RN se incluyen catéteres periféricos, catéteres umbilicales arteriales o venosos, catéteres venosos centrales y catéteres venosos centrales de instalación periférica (CCIP). Las posiciones anómalas de los catéteres, especialmente de los catéteres umbilicales son frecuentes ya que su instalación no es guiada por imágenes. Dado lo anterior es muy importante la evaluación radiológica de control de los catéteres que realizan los médicos pediatras y/o radiólogos, quienes deben ser capaces de reconocer aquellos mal posicionados ya que pueden causar complicaciones graves. Este artículo contiene una muestra pictográfica de radiografías de catéteres de uso frecuente en UCI Neonatal, bien y mal posicionados.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Catheterization, Central Venous/methods , Catheterization, Peripheral/methods , Vascular Access Devices , Catheterization, Central Venous/adverse effects , Catheterization, Peripheral/adverse effects , Intensive Care Units, Neonatal , Radiography/methods , Vascular Access Devices/adverse effects
5.
Rev. chil. radiol ; 20(3): 105-111, 2014. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-726153

ABSTRACT

El trauma es la principal causa de muerte en los pacientes pediátricos mayores de 1 año, siendo el trauma abdominal responsable del 10 por ciento de las causas de muerte. Las lesiones de vísceras huecas es inferior al 1 por ciento , sin embargo, su mortalidad es del 20 por ciento en el caso de perforación intestinal. La tomografía computada es el método de elección en la identificación y cuantificación de las lesiones en trauma abdominal, dado su excelente rendimiento para lesiones de vísceras sólidas, con menor sensibilidad en lesiones de vísceras huecas, por lo que en estas últimas es importante una alta sospecha clínica y análisis minucioso de las imágenes por parte de los radiólogos. Se realizó una revisión retrospectiva de los hallazgos en pacientes pediátricos referidos a tomografía computarizada, con historia de trauma abdominal contuso. Los principales hallazgos en tomografía computada sugerentes de lesión de víscera hueca fueron: aire extraluminal, extravasación de medio de contraste, presencia de líquido libre intraperitoneal, coágulo centinela adyacente al asa comprometida y engrosamiento de la pared intestinal.


Trauma is the leading cause of death in pediatric patients older than 1 year, with abdominal trauma accounting for 10% of causes of death. Hollow viscera injuries are less than 1%, however its mortality is 20% in the case of intestinal perforation. Computed tomography is the method of choice for the identification and quantification of abdominal trauma injuries, given its excellent performance for solid viscera injuries, with less sensitivity in hollow visceral injuries, so that in the latter a high clinical suspicion and thorough analysis of the images by radiologists is important. A retrospective review was conducted of the findings in pediatric patients, with a history of blunt abdominal trauma, referred to computed tomography. The main findings on computed tomography suggestive of hollow visceral injury were: extraluminal air, extravasation of contrast medium, the presence of free intraperitoneal fluid, sentinel clot adjacent to the affected loop and thickening of the bowel wall.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Gastrointestinal Tract/injuries , Gastrointestinal Tract , Abdominal Injuries/complications , Contusions , Sensitivity and Specificity
7.
Rev. chil. radiol ; 19(1): 12-19, 2013. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-677330

ABSTRACT

Resumen: Objetivos. Conocer las características epidemiológicas y radiológicas en TC, de las lesiones vasculares en pacientes que han sufrido heridas por arma de fuego (HAF), en el servicio de urgencia de un hospital público de Santiago-Chile, en un período de tres anos. Material y método. Revisión retrospectiva de 211 TC realizadas a pacientes ingresados al servicio de urgencia con diagnóstico de HAF entre 31/05/2009 y el 31/05/2012. Se incluyeron pacientes con TC dentro de las primeras 48 horas de ocurrido el evento, excluyendo los pacientes que por su condición clínica, fueron a intervención quirúrgica previa a la TC, obteniendo un N° final de 178. Se analizó la distribución según sexo, edad, tipo de lesión vascular, segmento topográfico afectado, tipo de proyectil y outcome de los pacientes. Resultados. El 96,8 por ciento (n°= 31) de los afectados fueron hombres, 71,8 por ciento menores de 36 años. El segmento más afectado correspondió a las EEII, con un 55,8 por ciento. El tipo de lesión que más frecuente fue el pseudoaneurisma y la hemorragia activa, con un 20,5 por ciento en cada caso. El tipo de proyectil que más frecuentemente se encontró, fueron las balas (65 por ciento) y en la gran mayoría de las veces, sin salida del proyectil. En nuestro grupo hubo un fallecido. Conclusión. Si bien el trauma vascular representa un bajo porcentaje dentro del total de las lesiones por trauma, su extrema gravedad, y por ende necesidad de diagnóstico certero y precoz, explica la importancia del conocimiento y familiarización que los radiólogos deberíamos tener con ese tipo de lesiones. Las extremidades son el principal sitio de lesiones vasculares por herida penetrante, alcanzando hasta el 70 por ciento en nuestro trabajo. En estos casos los exámenes imaginológicos muchas veces son sólo complementarios, porque clínicamente el diagnóstico está hecho, no así en las lesiones de vasos intratorácicos e intra-abdominales, donde las imágenes son indispensables para su...


Objectives. To determine the epidemiological and CT characteristics of vascular lesions in patients who have suffered gunshot wounds, in the emergency department of a public hospital in Santiago, Chile, over a period of three years. Material and Methods. Retrospective review of 211 CT performed on patients admitted to the emergency department with gunshot wounds, between 31/05/2009 and 31/05/2012. Patients with a CT within the first 48 hours after the event occurred were included, excluding patients who for their clinical condition, underwent surgery prior to the CT, obtaining a final number of 178. Distribution was analyzed by sex, age, type of vascular injury, topographic segment affected, projectile type and outcome of patients. Results. 96.8 percent (n° = 31) of those affected were men, 71.8 percent under 36 years. The most affected segment were to the lower extremities, with 55.8 percent. The most frequent type of injury was pseudoaneurysm and active hemorrhage, with 20.5 percent in each case. The type of projectile most frequently found were bullets (65 percent) and the majority, without projectile exit. In our group there was 1 death. Conclusion. Although vascular trauma represents a low percentage of total trauma injuries, their seriousness, and therefore the need for early and accurate diagnosis, explains the importance of the knowledge and familiarity that radiologists should have, with that kind of injury. Extremities are the main site of vascular injury caused by penetrating wounds, affecting up to 70 percent in our sample. In these cases CT examinations are often only complementary because the diagnosis is made clinically; this is not the case in intrathoracic and intraabdominal vessel injuries, where images are essential for diagnosis.


Subject(s)
Middle Aged , Wounds, Gunshot/epidemiology , Wounds, Gunshot , Vascular System Injuries/epidemiology , Vascular System Injuries , Chile , Age and Sex Distribution , Retrospective Studies , Vascular System Injuries/etiology , Tomography, X-Ray Computed
8.
Rev. chil. radiol ; 18(1): 18-21, 2012. ilus, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-643206

ABSTRACT

There is no available data on prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and portal thrombosis (PT) in Chilean cirrhotic patients. Objectives: To evaluate the development of these entities and the role ultrasound (US) may play as the imaging method of choice in their diagnostic approach. Material and methods: A cohort study of patients with diagnosis of cirrhosis by US or CT scans between 2004 and 2008. We evaluated both demographic and clinical records, along with disease development until 2011, by performing a retrospective review of their imaging findings. We investigated whether patients presented HCC and / or PT as detected by US / CT studies. Results: Two hundred and eleven (211) patients with an average age of 62.6 years were included. HCC was diagnosed in 10.4 percent of cases, whilst PT was observed in 4.3 percent of patients. A 33 percent of PT occurred in association with HCC and exhibited worse survival rates. Ultrasonographic studies yielded suspicious results in a significant percentage of cases, thus CT scans were performed to confirm the diagnosis. Conclusions: Ultrasound examination appears to be a useful tool for detecting complications of cirrhosis.


No existen datos en pacientes cirróticos chilenos de prevalencia de hepatocarcinoma(CHC) y trombosis portal(TP). Objetivos: Evaluar el desarrollo de estas complicaciones y el rol que podría jugar el ultrasonido (US) como primer método de imagen en su aproximación diagnóstica. Material y métodos: Estudio de cohorte en pacientes diagnosticados mediante US o TC de cirrosis entre 2004 y 2008. Se evaluaron datos demográficos, clínicos, y su evolución hasta 2011, realizando revisión retrospectiva de sus estudios imagenológicos. Se investigó si presentaron HCC y/o TP que fueran detectados mediante US/TC. Resultados: Se incluyeron 211 pacientes, con un promedio de 62,6 años. En el 10,4 por ciento se diagnosticó HCC y en el 4,3 por ciento TP. El 33 por ciento de TP ocurrieron asociadas a CHC y determinaron peor sobrevida. El US fue sospechoso en un porcentaje significativo de los casos, motivando la realización de TC confirmatoria. Conclusiones: El US aparece como una herramienta útil para la detección de complicaciones de cirrosis.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/diagnosis , Liver Cirrhosis/complications , Liver Neoplasms/diagnosis , Venous Thrombosis/diagnosis , Portal Vein , Ultrasonography , Alcoholism/complications , Survival Analysis , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/mortality , Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic/complications , Retrospective Studies , Hepatitis C, Chronic/complications , Liver Neoplasms/mortality , Tomography, X-Ray Computed
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